Evaluation of Urban Expansion and its Effect on the Formation of Urban Poverty (A case Study of Urmia city)

Document Type : Independent Research Articles

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Humanities Research and Development (SAMT), Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Research and Development of Human Sciences (SAMT), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Many studies have been conducted on urban poverty and its spatial analysis, but the expansion of the city and its effect on the creation of urban poverty clusters has not been given much attention. This research aims to evaluate the effect of the expansion of Urmia city on the formation of poverty clusters. In this regard, the situation of urban poverty in different periods of urban development during the last hundred years was analyzed. Various methods were combined to examine the effect of urban expansion on urban poverty and to provide spatial information needed for better decision-making. In the first step, 21 indicators covering the economic, social, and physical dimensions of urban poverty were selected. Then, a proposed method was used to evaluate urban poverty in study units (population blocks). In the last step, the expansion of the city from 1932 to 2022 was extracted in eight development periods and the urban poverty situation was evaluated in each period. The results show that with the expansion of the city, the relative size of poor urban areas has increased. The size of areas with physical poverty in Urmia city increased by 21% from 2004 to 2022, social poverty increased by 10% from 1994 to 1987, and economic poverty increased by 6% from 1987 to 1975. Additionally, the relative extent of poor urban areas has increased by 29% from 2004 to 2022. The results of linear regression also show that there is a direct relationship between urban expansion and the formation of urban poverty clusters. In general, urban expansion explains 37% of the formation of poor urban areas.

Keywords

References

Allard, S. W. (2017). Places in need: The changing geography of poverty. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Allen, T., & Thomas, A. (Eds.). (2000). Poverty and Development into the 21st century. London: UK Oxford University Press.
Alkire, S. (2013). Choosing dimensions: The capability approach and multidimensional poverty. In The many dimensions of poverty (pp. 89–119). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Awumbila, M., Owusu, G., & Teye, J. K. (2014). Can rural-urban migration into slums reduce poverty? Evidence from Ghana. Migrating out of poverty working paper, No. 13. Brighton, United Kingdom: University of Sussex.
Bahrami, R. (2018). An Analysis of Urban Poverty in the Cities of Kurdistan Province. Journal of Urban Ecology Researches, 9 (17), 25-34. [In Persian]
Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2007). The economic lives of the poor. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (1), 141–168.
Barbier, E. B. (2010). Poverty, development and environment. Environment and Development Economics, 15 (6), 635–660.
Baud, I, Sridharan, N, & Pfeffer, K (2008). Mapping Urban Poverty for Local Governance in an Indian Mega-City: The Case of Delhi. Journal of Urban Studies, 45 (7), 1385–1412.
Bernhardt, A. (2014). Property values, transit, and the recession: A case study of la metro’s gold line in pasadena. California.
Bird, K., Higgins, K., & Harris, D. (2010). Spatial poverty traps: An overview, ODI working paper 321/CPRC working paper 161. London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI).Bitter, C. (2014). Subdivision vintage and housing prices: Do home buyers’ value traditional development? Urban Studies, 51 (5), 1038–1056.
Curley, A. (2005). Theories of urban poverty and implications for public housing policy. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare
Dasgupta, S., Deichmann, U., Meinsner, C., & Wheeler, D. (2005). Where is the poverty environment nexus? Evidence from Cambodia, Lao PDR, and vietnam. World Development, 33 (4), 617–638. Urban Planning, 135, 11-21.
Duque, J. C., Patino, J. E., Ruiz, L. A., & Pardo-Pascual, J. E. (2015): Measuring intra-urban poverty using land cover and texture metrics derived from remote sensing data. Landscape and
De, L. (2017). Poverty and its measurement. https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/soci ales/pobreza_en.pdf. (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Chirasa, I., & Matamanda, A. R. (2016). Addressing urban poverty in Africa in the post2015 period. Perspectives for adequate and sustainable housing. Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, 7 (1), 79–87.
Freire, M. E., Lall, S., & Leipziger, D. (2014). Africa’s urbanisation: Challenges and opportunities. Washington D. C: World Bank. Working Paper no. 7.
Gauci, A. (2005). Spatial maps, targeting and mapping poverty. London: United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa.
Haizzan, Y. M., Firdaus, R. R., Samsurijan, M. S., Latiff, A. R. A., Singh, P. S. J., Jaafar, M. H.,& Vadevelu, K. (2018): Urban Poverty and Housing: Social Work Issues. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8 (9).
Haslam, P. A., Schafer, J., & Beaudet, P. (Eds.). (2017). Introduction to international development: Approaches, actors, issues and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the inequality of nations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (4), 857–880. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5098, 1995.Mitlin, D. (2003). Addressing urban poverty through strengthening assets. Habitat International, 27 (3), 393–406.
Liu, Y., Wu, F. (2006). Urban Poverty Neighborhoods: Typology and Spatial Concentration under China’s Market Transition, a Case Study of Nanjing, Geoforum, Vol. 37, No. 4, PP. 610-626.
Lotfi, S. and Hasanalizadeh, M. (2020). Spatial analysis of urban poverty in urban spaces (case study: Noorabad city). Researches in Earth Sciences, 11 (1), 152-168. doi: 10.52547/esrj.11.1.152. [In Persian]
Mahdnejad, H., & Gholami, A. (2021). Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty in Physical Indicators (Case Study: Isfahan Metropolis). , 12 (44), 21-38. doi: 10.30495/jupm.2021.3989. [In Persian]
Movahhed, A., Vali Noori, S., Hataminejad, H., Zanganeh, A., Kamanroodi Kajouri, M. (2016). Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty in Tehran Metropolis. IUESA; 4 (15) :19-36. [In Persian]
Nikpour, Amer; Rezazadeh, Morteza; Al-Haghli Tabar Fatemeh (2019) Spatial pattern analysis of urban poverty indicators in Babol city, Geography and Planning, (24) 71, pp: 391-417. [In Persian]
Poku-Boansi, M., & Amoako, C. (2015). Dimensions of spatial inequalities in Ghanaian cities. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 8 (5), 131–142.
Pour Tarkarooni, M., & sharepour, M. (2020). Urban Poverty in Iran: a Systematic Review. Urban Structure and Function Studies, 7 (22), 61-79. doi: 10.22080/usfs.2020.16578.1811. [In Persian]
Rafieian, M., & Zahed, N. (2021). A Spatial Analysis of Poverty Traps and Urban Deprivation in Qom. , 14 (54), 21-46. [In Persian]
Randolph, B., & Tice, A. (2014). Suburbanizing disadvantage in Australian cities: Socio-spatial change in an era of neoliberalism. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36 (Suppl. 1), 384–399.
Raphael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2010). Job sprawl and the suburbanization of poverty. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings.
Ren, C. (2011): Modeling poverty dynamics in moderate-poverty neighborhoods: a multi-level approach. The Ohio State University.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shakuri, Ali; Saeedi, Ali Asghar (1383) Family poverty and urban women (with emphasis on Tehran metropolis), Urban Sociological Studies (Urban Studies), 4 (10), 73-108. [In Persian]
Swiader, M., Szewranski, ´ S., & Kazak, J. (2017, October). Poverty risk index as a new methodology for social inequality distribution assessment. In IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering (Vol. 245), Article 072021.
Tong, X., & Kim, J. H. (2019). Concentration or diffusion? Exploring the emerging spatial dynamics of poverty distribution in southern California. Cities, 85, 15–24.
Tsui, K. Y. (2002). Multidimensional poverty indices. Social Choice and Welfare, 19 (1), 69–93.
UNDP and Oxford Poverty Initiative. (2019). Global multi-dimensional poverty index 2019, illuminating inequalities.
UNFPA. (2007). State of world population 2007 - unleashing the potential of urban growth. UNFPA.
Wang, H., Zhao, Q., Bai, Y., Zhang, L., & Yu, X. (2020). Poverty and subjective poverty in rural China. Social Indicators Research, 1–24.
United Nations. (2019). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision.
Yarahmadi, M., & Nikpour, A. (2021). Spatial Changes of Urban Poverty in Nourabad Mamasani. Journal of Economic Geography Research, 2 (3), 74-89. [In Persian].
Yuan Menga,b , Hanfa Xinga,c,⁎ , Yuan Yuand , Man Sing Wongb , Kaixuan Fan (2020) Sensing urban poverty: From the perspective of human perception-based greenery and open-space landscapes, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems ,84 (101544),1-14.
Zahra, K., Ashraf, A., Zafar, T., & Yaseen, B. M. (2018). Marginality and social exclusion in Punjab, Pakistan: A threat to urban sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 203–212.
Zanganeh, A., Talkhabi, H., Gazerani, F., Yosefi Feshangi, M. (2015). Spatial Extent of Urban Poverty in Arak City. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards; 2 (1) :93-107. [In Persian]
Zebardast, Esfandiar; Ramezani, Razieh (2015) "Measuring urban poverty and its relationship with access to urban services in Qazvin city", Journal of Fine Arts-Architecture and Urbanism, 21 (2), 54-45 [In Persian]
Zeruki, Shahriar; Yadolahi Otaqsara, Mastane; Yousefi Barforoshi, Arman (2019) Informal employment and poverty of urban and rural households in Iran, Economic Modeling Research, 11 (42), 117-83. [In Persian]
Zhou, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). The geography of poverty: Review and research prospects. Journal of Rural Studies.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 20 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 20 July 2023
  • Accept Date: 01 October 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics