بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر استرس شهری در ادبیات جهانی

نوع مقاله : مقالات مستقل پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، مهندسی شهرسازی گرایش برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی ،دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ساکنین شهر در معرض سطوح بالایی از عوامل استرس‌زا قرار می‌گیرند و این مواجهه عامل شیوع بیماری‌های روانی در آنهاست. اما با توجه به اهمیت سلامت روان و استرس شهری مطالعات کمی به پیوندهای بالقوه بین جنبه‌های محیط ساخته شده و سلامت روان پرداخته‌اند و تاکنون تحقیقات کافی در مورد عوامل استرس‌زای شهری صورت نگرفته‌است. در حالی که تمرکز بر ویژگی‌های شهری مؤثر بر این موضوع و سعی در کاهش آن در تدوین برنامه ریزی و طراحی شهری درمانگر استرس، بسیار مهم است. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر استرس‌ شهری، بیان شده در اسناد و پژوهش‌های مرتبط انجام شده‌است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش مروری بوده و برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از روش مرور سیستماتیک مبانی نظری و برای تحلیل آنها از شیوۀ تحلیل محتوای مقوله‌ای استفاده شده‌است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مطالعات پیشین در این حوزه استرس شهری را بیشتر ناشی از عوامل استرس‌زای اجتماعی مانند میزان تراکم جمعیتی (خیلی بالا یا خیلی پایین)، انزوای اجتماعی، محرومیت اجتماعی و تعاملات اجتماعی ضعیف و عوامل استرس‌زای محیطی مانند آلودگی صوتی و آلودگی هوا می‌دانند. پس از این عوامل، ناامنی شغلی و بیکاری، بی‌عدالتی در شهر، تراکم رفت‌وآمد بالا، کمبود فضای سبز و دسترسی ضعیف به آن، عدم وجود فرصت‌های آموزشی مناسب، کیفیت پایین واحد مسکونی، اقلیت قومی یا گروهی بودن و وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی پایین دارای اهمیت هستند. درنتیجه آنچه موجب بالا بودن استرس در شهرها در مقایسه با روستاها می‌شود عوامل اجتماعی و محیطی است، البته سایر عوامل نیز اهمیت بسیاری دارند و سیاست‌گذاران، برنامه ریزان، طراحان و معماران باید پس از شناخت مناسب از عوامل استرس‌زا، در جهت کاهش آنها در محیط شهری گام بردارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Factors Affecting Urban Stress in World Literature

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khatereh Moghani Rahimi 1
  • Mostafa Behzadfar 2
  • samaneh jalilisadrabad 3
1 M.A. Student, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Urban residents are exposed to high levels of stressors and this exposure is the cause of the prevalence of their mental illness. Nevertheless, despite the importance of mental health and urban stress, few studies have been focused on the potential links between environmental aspects and mental health, and there has been a lack of research on urban stressors. It is of high importance, however, to focus on the characteristics of the urban context affecting this issue and reduce them in the development of urban planning and design of stress therapists. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting urban stress, expressed in related documents and research. A systematic review of theoretical foundations has been done for data collection and a content analysis method has been applied for data analysis. Findings indicate that urban stress is mostly due to social stressors such as population density (very high or very low), social isolation, social deprivation, and poor social interactions, as well as environmental stressors such as noise pollution and air pollution. Following these ones, job insecurity and unemployment, injustice in the city, high traffic density, lack of green space and poor access to it, lack of adequate educational opportunities, low quality housing, ethnic or group minority and economic and social status are the next important factors. As a result, high stress in cities, compared to rural areas, is due to social and environmental factors. Thus, policy makers, planners, designers and architects should identify the stressors and reduce them in the urban environment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban stress
  • Stressors
  • Urban mental health
  • Systematic review of literature
  • Content analysis
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