کاربست نظریه‌های ART و SRT جهت باززنده‌سازی منظر حاشیه رودخانه‌ها با رویکرد بهبود سلامت روان (نمونه موردی: رودخانه قشلاق سنندج)

نوع مقاله : مقالات مستقل پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مهندسی معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

امروزه فشارهای فزاینده شهرنشینی و تنوع ترجیحات اجتماعی باعث از بین‌ رفتن آرامش انسان و گسست پیوند انسان و طبیعت شده است. یکی از راه‌های پیوند مجدد انسان با طبیعت، توجه هر چه بیشتر به فضاهای سبز و آبی (رودخانه‌ها، نهرها و فضاهای سبز) با کمک راهکارهای برنامه‌ریزی‌شده معماری و شهرسازی است. ازاین‌رو این مطالعه باهدف مشخص کردن رابطۀ طبیعت (دید و دسترسی به طبیعت) و سلامت روان شهروندان سنندجی و ارائه راهکار با استفاده ازنظریه‌های ART و SRT جهت باززنده‌سازی منظر حاشیه رودخانه قشلاق انجام شده است. تحقیق حاضر با توجه‌ به نوع هدف کاربردی و به شیوۀ کمی- کیفی است. با توجه ‌به اهداف پژوهش ۲۵۴ پرسش‌نامه شامل مقیاس‌های زمان تماس، فرکانس بازدید، فرم کوتاه مقیاس سلامتی روان (WHO-5)، در دو بازۀ زمانی براساس نمونه‌گیری جامعه در دسترس، بین جامعه هدف توزیع شد. علاوه بر پرسش‌نامه از مصاحبه ساختاریافته برای اثبات نتایج حاصل از پرسش‌نامه و اشاره به معضلات منظر رودخانه قشلاق استفاده شد. به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با توجه به نوع متغیرها در نرم‌افزار Spss نسخه 27 از آزمون‌های آماری بهره گرفته شد. نتایج این پژوهش رابطه معنادار اما معکوسی را بین زمان تماس/ فراوانی بازدید و مقیاس سلامتی روان نشان داد و مواردی از قبیل کمبود امکانات رفاهی- خدماتی، معضلات زیست‌محیطی و عدم دسترسی به مناظر حاشیه رودخانه ازجمله پرتکرارترین دلایل آن برشمرده شد. بااین‌حال، رابطه سلامتی روان با دید به طبیعت و دسترسی به طبیعت، معنادار و مثبت بود. درنهایت یافته‌های این پژوهش دستورالعمل‌های اقدامی جهت باززنده‌سازی مناظر حاشیه رودخانه با استفاده از دو نظریه ART و SRT ارائه می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of ART and SRT Theories to Revitalize Riverine Landscapes with a Mental Health Improvement Approach (Case Study: Qeshlaq River, Sanandaj

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Soleimani 1
  • Shdieh Sayari 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 M.Sc. Student of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Nowadays, the increasing pressure of urbanization and the diversity of social preferences have led to the loss of human peace and the disconnection between man and nature. One of the ways to reconnect people with nature is to pay more attention to green and blue spaces (rivers, streams, and green areas) through planned architectural and urban design solutions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between nature (view and access to nature) and Sanandji citizens’ mental health and use ART and SRT theories to find a solution to revitalize the landscape of the Qeshlaq River. The current research is based on the nature of practical objectives and follows a quantitative-qualitative approach. According to the research objectives, 254 questionnaires, including scales of contact time, frequency of visits, and the short form of mental health scale (WHO-5), were distributed to the target population in two periods based on the available population samples. In addition to the questionnaire, a structured interview was used to substantiate the results of the questionnaire and to highlight the problems of the Qeshlaq River environment. To analyze the data according to the type of variables, statistical tests were used in SPSS software version 27. The results of this study showed a significant but inverse relationship between the contact time/frequency of visits and the level of mental health. The most common reasons cited were lack of amenities and services, environmental issues, and lack of access to riverscapes. However, the relationship between mental health and access to nature was significant and positive. Finally, the results of this study provide guidelines for revitalizing riverscapes using two theories, ART and SRT.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nature and neighborhood
  • Mental health
  • Urban river landscape revitalization
  • ART و SRT
  • Sanandaj
Ackerman, C. E. (2020). What is Kaplan’s attention restoration theory (ART). PositivePsychology. com.  
Al-Kodmany, K., & Ali, M. M. (2013). Importing exceptional buildings: transforming urban Arabian Peninsula into skyscraper cities. Open House International, 38(4), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-04-2013-B0011
Asnake, K., Worku, H., & Argaw, M. (2021a). Integrating river restoration goals with urban planning practices: the case of Kebena river, Addis Ababa. Heliyon, 7(7), e07446.  
https://doi.org/10.1263/S2405-8440(21)01549-8
Asnake, K., Worku, H., & Argaw, M. (2021b). Integrating river restoration goals with urban planning practices: the case of Kebena river, Addis Ababa. Heliyon, 7.(7).
https://doi.org/10.3576/S2405-8440(21)01549-8
Astell-Burt, T., Hartig, T., Eckermann, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., McMunn, A., Frumkin, H., & Feng, X. (2022). More green, less lonely? A longitudinal cohort study. International journal of epidemiology, 51(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab089 
Beck, A. M., Seraydarian, L., & Hunter, G. F. (1986). Use of animals in the rehabilitation of psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Reports, 58(1), 63-66. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.63
Braçe, O., Garrido-Cumbrera, M., Foley, R., Correa-Fernández, J., Suárez-Cáceres, G., & Lafortezza R. (2020). Is a view of green spaces from home associated with a lower risk of anxiety and depression? International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(19), 7014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197014
Branas, C. C., Cheney, R. A., MacDonald, J. M., Tam, V. W., Jackson, T. D., & Ten Have, T. R. (2011). A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety, and greening vacant urban space. American journal of epidemiology, 174(11), 1296-1306
Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., De Vries, S., Flanders, J., Folke, C., Frumkin, H., Gross, J. J., & Hartig, T. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science advances, 5(7), eaax0903.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903
Browning, M. H., Lee, K., & Wolf, K. L. (2019). Tree cover shows an inverse relationship with depressive symptoms in elderly residents living in US nursing homes. Urban forestry & urban greening, 41, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.002
Buchel, S., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2015). Citizens’ voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Ecosystem services, 12, 169-177.
Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Dettori, M., Appolloni, L., Azara, A., Buffoli, M., Capasso, L., Casuccio, A., Oliveri Conti, G., & D’Amico, A. (2018). Healthy design and urban planning strategies, actions, and policy to achieve salutogenic cities. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(12), 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122698
Chang, C.-c., Oh, R. R. Y., Le Nghiem, T. P., Zhang, Y., Tan, C. L., Lin, B. B., Gaston, K. J., Fuller, R A., & Carrasco, L. R. (2020). Life satisfaction linked to the diversity of nature experiences and nature views from the window. Landscape and urban planning, 202, 103874.
Chen, H. (2016). From Funan River to East Lake: Reflecting on environmental activism and public art in China. Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art, 3(3), 315-323.   
Cox, D. T., Shanahan, D. F., Hudson, H. L., Fuller, R. A., & Gaston, K. J. (2018). The impact of urbanisation on nature dose and the implications for human health. Landscape and urban planning, 179, 72-80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.07.013
Crisp, S., & O’Donnell, M. (1998). Wilderness-adventure therapy in adolescent mental health. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 3, 47-57.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400677
Cordell, H. K., Tarrant, M. A., & Bergstrom, J. C. (1998). How the public views wilderness: more results from the USA survey on recreation and the environment. International Journal of Wilderness, Vol. 3, No. 3, Dec. 1998, 3(3), 28-31. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393853
De Bell, S., Graham, H., & White, P. C. (2020). Evaluating dual ecological and well-being benefits from an urban restoration project. Sustainability, 12(2), 695.  
Dean, J. H., Shanahan, D. F., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Lin, B. B., Barber, E., Franco, L., & Fuller, R. A. (2018). Is nature relatedness associated with better mental and physical health? International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(7), 1371.
Frumkin, H. (2001). Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment. American journal of preventive medicine, 20(3), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00317-2
Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., & Wolf, K. L. (2017). Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental health perspectives, 125(7), 075001. Fuller, R. A., Irvine, K. N., & Gaston, K. (2010). Interactions between people and nature in urban environments. Urban ecology, 134-171. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1663
Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M. P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 220(8), 1207-1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004
Gilandeh, A. G., Vaezi, H., & Dadazadeh, P. (2020). Exploring the Quality of the Effect of Urban Art Components on Promoting the Populism of Ardebil Saheli Park. Geographical Urban Planning Research, 8(3), 557-575.  
Girardet, H. (2020). People and Nature in an Urban World. One Earth, 2(2), 135-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.005.
Gong, Y., & Kim, E. J. (2023). Correlation Between Neighborhood Built Environment and Leisure Walking Time Around a Riverside Park. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 19375867231213338. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867231213338
Grahn, P., Stoltz, J., Skärbäck, E., & Bengtsson, A. (2023). Health-Promoting Nature-Based Paradigms in Urban Planning. Encyclopedia, 3(4), 1419-1438.  https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3040102
Gunnarsson, B., & Hedblom, M. (2023). Biophilia revisited: nature versus nurture. Trends in ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.5281/S0169-5347(23)00149-0
Hartig, T., Mang, M., & Evans, G. W. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and behavior, 23(1), 3-26.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916591231001
Herzog, T. R., Black, A. M., Fountaine, K. A., & Knotts, D. J. (1997). Reflection and attentional recovery as distinctive benefits of restorative environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(2), 165-170.  
Huang, S., Qi, J., Li, W., Dong, J., & van den Bosch, C. K. (2021). The contribution to stress recovery and attention restoration potential of exposure to urban green spaces in low-density residential areas. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(16), 8713.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168713
Jiang, B., Li, D., Larsen, L., & Sullivan, W. C. (2016). A dose-response curve describing the relationship between urban tree cover density and self-reported stress recovery. Environment and behavior, 48(4), 607-629.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514552321
Jimenez, M. P., DeVille, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., & James, P. (2021). Associations between nature exposure and health: a review of the evidence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4790.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Jones, R. J., & Littzen, C. O. (2022). An Analysis of Theoretical Perspectives in Research on Nature-Based Interventions and Pain. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(19), 12740.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912740
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge university press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Katcher, A. H., & Beck, A. M. (1983). New perspectives on our lives with companion animals. (No Title). 
https://doi.org/1130000798181741184
Kuo, F. E. (2001). Coping with poverty: Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city. Environment and behavior, 33(1), 5-34.
Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and behavior, 33(3), 343-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916501333002
Kuo, M. (2015). How might contact with nature promote human health? Promising mechanisms and a possible central pathway. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 141022.  
Leather, P., Pyrgas, M., Beale, D., & Lawrence, C. (1998). Windows in the workplace: Sunlight, view, and occupational stress. Environment and behavior, 30(6), 739-762.
Lee, H. J., & Lee, D. K. (2019). Do sociodemographic factors and urban green space affect mental health outcomes among the urban elderly population? International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 789.
Lee, E.-J., & Park, S.-J. (2022). Biophilic experience-based residential hybrid framework. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(14), 8512.
Lee, F. Y., Ma, A. T., & Cheung, L. T. (2021). Resident perception and willingness to pay for the restoration and revitalization of urban rivers. Water, 13(19), 2649
Levinson, B. M., & Mallon, G. P. (1997). Pet-oriented child psychotherapy. (No Title). https://doi.org/10.1177/135910451558963
Lewis, C. A. (1996). Green nature/human nature: the meaning of plants in our lives. University of Illinois press.
Liu, Y., Wang, R., Xiao, Y., Huang, B., Chen, H., & Li, Z. (2019). Exploring the linkage between greenness exposure and depression among Chinese people: Mediating roles of physical activity stress and social cohesion and moderating role of urbanicity. Health & place, 58, 102168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102168
Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people:‘contact with nature’as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health promotion international, 21(1), 45-54.  
Messer, J., & Mosley, J. G. (1980). The Value of National Parks to the community: values and ways of improving the contribution of Australian National Parks to the community. Australian Conservation Foundation. https://doi.org/10.1009/978-1-7842-2173-5_1024
Mokarram, A. N. (2018). The Role of Place Attachment in Identifying the Rivers within Cities Case Study (Karun River). Journal of Urban Design Studies and Urban Research, 1(2), 25-40.
Moran, D. (2019). Back to nature? Attention restoration theory and the restorative effects of nature contact in prison. Health & place, 57, 35-43.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.03.005
Moran, E. F. (2016). People and nature: An introduction to human ecological relations. John Wiley & Sons.  
Neghabi, M., Hashempour, P., Ghafari, A., & Asefi, M. (2021). A model for explaining a holistic perspective regarding human-nature relationship in architecture based on the cognitive map. Haft Hesar Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(36), 59-72. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2311557
Newell, P. B. (1997). A cross-cultural examination of favorite places. Environment and behavior, 29(4), 495-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391659702900403
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Khreis, H., Triguero-Mas, M., Gascon, M., & Dadvand, P. (2017). Fifty shades of green. Epidemiology, 28(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000549
Nicholas, R. F., & Gullone, E. (2001). Cute and cuddly and a whole lot more? A call for empirical investigation into the therapeutic benefits of human–animal interaction for children. Behaviour Change, 18(2), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.2.124
Ohly, H., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Bethel, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Nikolaou, V., & Garside, R. (2016). Attention Restoration Theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305-343.    
https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2016.1196155
Panlasigui, S., Spotswood, E., Beller, E., & Grossinger, R. (2021). Biophilia beyond the building: Applying the tools of urban biodiversity planning to create biophilic cities. Sustainability, 13(5), 2450.   
Parker, H., & Oates, N. (2016). How do healthy rivers benefit society. A Review of the Evidence. London: ODI and WWF.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.003
Parsons, R. (1991). The potential influences of environmental perception on human health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80002-7
Pryor, A. (2003). The outdoor experience program: wilderness journeys for improved relationships with self, others, and healthy adventure. Proceedings of the 2nd International Adventure Therapy Conference: Therapy within Adventure. University of Augsburg. Zeil.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2011.632877
Pun, V. C., Manjourides, J., & Suh, H. H. (2018). Association of neighborhood greenness with self- perceived stress, depression and anxiety symptoms in older US adults. Environmental Health, 17, 1-11. 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0381-2
Rantakokko, M., Keskinen, K. E., Kokko, K., & Portegijs, E. (2018). Nature diversity and well-being in old age. Aging clinical and experimental research, 30, 527-532.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0797-5
Ross, M., & Mason, G. J. (2017). The effects of preferred natural stimuli on humans’ affective states, physiological stress and mental health, and the potential implications for well-being in captive animals. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 46-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.012
Russell, K. C., & Hendee, J. C. (2000). How Wilderness Therapy Works: An Examination of the Wilderness Therapy. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference: Missoula, Montana, May 23-27, 1999.
Ryan, C. O., & Browning, W. D. (2020). Biophilic design. Sustainable built environments, 43-85.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1034-1
Sabokro, D., Hemmati, M., & Motedayen, H. (2022). A Comparison and Evaluation of the Basics of Relationship Between Human and Nature in Two Bodies of Landscape and Ecology Knowledge. MANZAR, 14(60), 30-37. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2487231
Searns, R. M. (1995). The evolution of greenways as an adaptive urban landscape form. Landscape and urban planning, 33(1-3), 65-80.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)02014-7
  Staats, H., Jahncke, H., Herzog, T. R., & Hartig, T. (2016). Urban options for psychological restoration: Common strategies in everyday situations. PloS one, 11(1), e0146213.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146213
Soga, M., Evans, M. J., Tsuchiya, K., & Fukano, Y. (2021). A room with a green view: the importance of nearby nature for mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Ecological Applications, 31(2), e2248.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2248
Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and behavior, 33(1), 54-77.
Tennessen, C. M., & Cimprich, B. (1995). Views to nature: Effects on attention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(1), 77-85.
Toccolini, A., Fumagalli, N., & Senes, G. (2006). Greenways planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley greenways system. Landscape and urban planning, 76(1-4), 98-111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.038
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402
Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design: Proceedings from the... Symposium on Health Care Interior Design. Symposium on Health Care Interior Design. https://doi.org/10.1491med/01123973
Vert, C., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Zijlema, W., Espinosa, A., Cano-Riu, L., Elliott, L. R., Litt, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Gascon, M. (2019). Impact of a riverside accessibility intervention on use, physical activity, and wellbeing: A mixed methods pre-post evaluation. Landscape and urban planning, 190, 103611.  
Vert, C., Gascon, M., Grellier, J., Fleming, L. E., White, M. P., & Rojas-Rueda, D. (2019). Health benefits of physical activity related to an urban riverside regeneration. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(3), 462.   
White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., & Depledge, M. (2010). Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 482-493.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.004
White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/s41598 019 440973
White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Grellier, J., Economou, T., Bell, S., Bratman, G. N., Cirach, M., Gascon, M., Lima, M. L., & Lõhmus, M. (2021). Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87675-0
Wuijts, S., De Vries, M., Zijlema, W., Hin, J., Elliott, L. R., Dirven-van Breemen, L., Scoccimarro, E., de Roda Husman, A. M., Külvik, M., & Frydas, I. S. (2022). The health potential of urban water: Future scenarios on local risks and opportunities. Cities, 125, 103639.  
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhai, J., Wu, Y., & Mao, A. (2021). Waterscapes for promoting mental health in the general population. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(22), 11792.
Zhiman, Z., & Xianyu, Z. (2021). Study on landscape design of urban riverside green space based on environmental behavior——Take the small garden of Nanchuan East Road in Xining City as an example. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/768/1/012149