تحلیل و ارزیابی بهبود نواحی کسب‌وکار (BID) در شهرها با تأکید بر رویکرد شهرسازی تاکتیکی؛ مطالعه موردی منطقه 6 شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه جغرافیای انسانی ، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

روش بهبود نواحی کسب‌وکار (BID) یکی از روش‌های مؤثر در احیای مراکز شهری با رویکردی اقتصادی است. اجرای نواحی بهبود کسب‌وکار با توجه به رویکرد شهرسازی تاکتیکی منجر به اجرای طرح‌های با ریسک کم، کم‌هزینه و کوچک مقیاس و احیای مراکز شهری می‌شود. هدف تحقیق حاضر، ارزیابی وضعیت شاخص‌های بهبود نواحی کسب‌وکار در منطقه شش شهر تهران است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات شامل روش‌های کتابخانهای پرسش‌نامه و مشاهدات میدانی است. علاوه بر این، اطلاعات به‌دست آمده از پرسش‌نامه با استفاده از آزمون تی‌تک نمونه‌ای و آزمون واریانس یک طرفه تحلیل شده‌است. نتایج نشان داد که از نظر شهروندان منطقه 6 تهران، چهار مؤلفۀ کالبدی-محیطی، اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی و اجتماعی-فرهنگی معناداری کمتر از مقدار پیش فرض (0.05) و اختلاف میانگین مثبت (بالاتر از مقدار پیش فرض 5/2) را به خود اختصاص داده و این منطقه زمینۀ احیا و پیاده‌سازی فضای کسب‌وکار را دارا است. همچنین نتایج معناداری مؤلفه‌های BID محورهای مطالعاتی در بخش کسبه تحقیق نشان داد که پنج مؤلفه (کاربری تجاری – خدماتی، مدیریت شهری، کیفیت زندگی، تعلق و دلبستگی مکانی و مشارکت اجتماعی) در کلیه محورهای مطالعاتی، معنادار (کمتر از 05/0) و اختلاف میانگین مثبت (بیشتر از مقدار 5/2) را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند و کسبه مورد‌مصاحبه، ابراز رضایت دارند و در سایر مؤلفه‌ها، کسبه محل از وضعیت موجود مؤلفه‌های بهبود نواحی کسب‌وکار رضایت ندارند. اختلاف و معناداری محورهای مطالعاتی بر اساس مؤلفه‌های دارای وضعیت مثبت حاکی از آن است که خیابان اسدآبادی در مقایسه با سایر محورها دارای حداکثر اختلاف میانگین نسبت به سایر محورها بوده و جایگاه نخست را کسب کرده‌است و خیابان سنایی با کسب کمترین اختلاف میانگین جایگاه نهایی را به خود اختصاص داده‌است

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing and Evaluating Business Improvement Districts (BID) in Cities with an Emphasis on Tactical Urban Planning Features: A Case Study on District 6 of Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Hosseini 1
  • Ahmad Pourahmad 2
  • Hossein Hataminejad 1
  • Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki 1
  • Fatemeh Mallahzade 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The growth of sub-urbanism in recent decades has led to the weakening of inner-city centers and the destruction of the social life of these centers. The most important consequences of evacuation of urban centers are economic recession, population evacuation, unfavorable urban governance, reduced demand for purchases and lack of infrastructure investments. Therefore, the revitalization of urban centers, as the beating heart of cities, plays an important role in improving the quality of residents’ lives. Business Improvement District (BID) is one of the most successful methods with an economic approach to urban centers and is expanding around the world. The aim of the present study is to measure and extract the drivers of improving business districts in District 6 of Tehran with a futures research approach. This research is applied in terms of purpose and uses a combination of documentary and survey methods. Moreover, in terms of nature, based on a new method of future research, it is analytical and exploratory taking a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The statistical population of this study includes 15 managers and experts in the field. The results indicate that the key drivers affecting the creation of business environment in District 6 of Tehran have not been identified. Also, two-dimensional factors such as good urban governance, municipal performance in providing services and facilities, private and public sector investment status, quality of buildings and materials in the housing and construction sector, etc. have a very high capacity to become key players in the system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban centers
  • Tactical urbanism
  • Business Improvement District
  • District 6 of Tehran
 
Abdulahi, Farshte, Mehrban, Fatemeh & Basirat, Mehdi (2018), Comparison of the effect of business environment indicators on economic growth: a case study of Iran and member countries of the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD), the first national electronic conference on Iran's economic outlook, December 28, 2018. (In Persian).
Bishop, P., & Williams, L. (2012). The temporary city. London: Routledge.
Blackwell, M. (2005). A Consideration of the UK Government’s Proposals for Business Improvement Districts in England: Issues and Uncertainties, Property Management, 23(3), 194– 203.
Blumner KH1, Marcus SC, (2009). Changing perceptions of depression: ten-year trends from the general social survey. Psychiatr Serv. 60(3), 306-312.
Brooks, L. (2008). Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the extra-governmental provision of public safety. Journal of Public Economics, 92(1-2), 388-406.
Campbell, K. (2011). Massive Small: The Operating Programme for Smart Urbanism. Beta Version. Urban Exchange.
Cumberlidge, C., & Musgrave, L. (2007). Design and Landscape for People: New Approaches to Renewal, Thames & Hudson, Architecture -p. 224.
Czarny, M. (2018). Advancing Tactical: How placemaking and cosmopolitics generate social sustainability enhancing tactical urbanism.
Daunfeldt, S. O., Mihaescu, O., & Rudholm, N. (2021). Effects of business improvement districts on firm performance, place attractiveness, and urban safety (No. 24). HFI Working Paper.
Davis, M. (1997). Business Improvement Districts, Journal of urban and contemporary law, vol.52.
Dehghan, Fereshte (2018). Complete street planning, a case example: District 6 of Tehran Municipality, master's thesis in the field of urban planning, supervisor: Farzin Mahmoudi Pati, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University  of Mazandaran (In Persian).
De Magalhães, C. (2012). Business Improvement Districts and the recession: Implications for public realm governance and management in England. Progress in Planning, 77(4), 143-177.
De Magalhães, C. (2014). Business Improvement Districts in England and the (private?) governance of urban spaces. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), 916-933.
docs/tactical_urbanism_vol_2_final, H 2001.
Duany, A., and Speck, J., & Lydon, M. (2010). The smart growthmanual. McGraw- Hill ed., (240 pp.).
Elmedni, B., Christian, N., & Stone, C. (2018). Business improvement districts (BIDs): An economic development policy or a tool for gentrification. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1502241.
Fallah, Seuda (2017), modern urban design using tactical urban planning measures, case study: Amjadideh neighborhood of Zanjan, civil conference, architecture and urban planning of the countries of the Islamic world, University of Tabriz. (In Persian).
Farr, D. (2011). Sustainable urbanism: Urban design with nature. John Wiley & Sons.
Finn, D. (2014). DIY urbanism: implications for cities. Journal of Urbanism: International research on placemaking and urban sustainability, 7(4), 381-398.
Giusti, C., & Maraschin, C. (2017). Downtown revitalization and urban space: A case study in downtown Bryan, Texas. Cities, 60, 50-63.
Habibi, Kiyomarth and Safdaranjad, Seyyed Mojtabi. (2014). Strategic Planning of Urban Tourism and Sustainable Leisure, Tehran: Tehran City Planning and Studies Center. (In Persian).
Henneberry, J. (Ed.). (2017). Transience and permanence in urban development. John Wiley & Sons.
Hosseinpour, Hale; Dadashpour, Hashim and Rafiyan, Mojtabi (2018), Revitalization and increasing the quality of life in urban centers with the BID approach (case example: Urmia city center), Urban Management, No. 28, 284-273. (In Persian).
Kazemian, Gholamreza; Abdullahpour, Mehdi and Abbasi, Atefeh (2017), review and priority of factors affecting the improvement of the business environment in the countries of the base region, International Business Management Quarterly, 1 (2), 1-20. (In Persian).
Khodaparast Mashhadi, Mehdi et al. (2018), the effect of improving the business climate on economic growth in selected Islamic countries, Journal of Research and of Islamic Studies, 1(5),  (In Persian).
Kumar, V. (2007) Business Improvement District (BID) and Its Applicability in Indian Context, ITPI JOURNAL, 4, 34-43.
Lydon, M., and et al. 20122015. “Tactical Urbanism.” Issuu. http://issuu.co/streetplanscollaborative
Mackey, A. (2007). Input, interaction, and output in second language acquisition. In B. Vanpatten, & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 175-200). London: LEA.
Maimandi Parisi, Siddiqa (2012), Urban development based on public transportation (TOD) in the form of business improvement areas approach, the first national conference on architecture, restoration, urban planning and sustainable environment. (In persian).
Mir Ahsani, Moniralsadat (2013), Business environment in Iran and other countries during the years (2012-2013) from the perspective of the World Bank, Economic Magazine - Monthly Review of Economic Issues and Policies, 2, 129-142. (In Persian).
Mokhtari Heshi, Hossein; Naser al-Islami, Golnaz and Moradi, Amin (2015), the role of improving the business environment in the country in organizing the city of Tehran, Geographical Research Quarterly, 31 (4), 74-87. (In Persian).
Morçöl, G., & Patrick, P. A. (2006). Business improvement districts in Pennsylvania: implications for democratic metropolitan governance. Intl Journal of Public Administration, 29 (1-3), 137-171.
Morçöl, G., Hoyt, L., Meek, J. W., & Zimmermann, U. (2017). Business improvement districts: Research, theories, and controversies (pp. 1-23). Routledge.
Munro, K. (2017). Tactical Urbanism for Librarians: Quick, Low-cost Ways to Make Big Changes. American Library Association.
Pourahmad, Ahmad; Hataminejad, Hossein and Hosseini, Seyed Hadi (2016), Pathology of urban development plans in the country, Human Geography Research, 38(58) 167-180. (In Persin).
Pfeifer, L. (2013). The planner’s guide to tactical urbanism. Montereal, Canada Page.
Putnam, R. D. (1996). Who killed civic life, the American prospect. P. 56.
Rafiyan, Mojtabi and Arbabzadegan Hashemi, Alireza (1389), Business Improvement District (BID) self-sufficient system to promote commercial areas in cities, Armanshahr, 4, 87-98. (In Persian).
 Richner, M., & Olesen, K. (2019). Towards business improvement districts in Denmark: Translating a neoliberal urban intervention model into the Nordic context. European urban and regional studies, 26(2), 158-170.
Seifolahi, Naser; Hahedi, Hatef and Hosseini, Seideh Vajiheh (2016), investigating the relationship between the development of the tourism industry and the improvement of the business environment index (case study: selected developing countries), the fifth international conference on modern researches in management, economics and accounting, St. Petersburg- Russia.
Sawhney, N., De Klerk, C., & Malhotra, S. (2015). Civic engagement through DIY urbanism and collective networked action. Planning Practice & Research, 30(3), 337-354.
Silva, P. (2016). Tactical urbanism: Towards an evolutionary cities’ approach?. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design, 43(6), 1040-1051.
Shakibamanesh, Amir (2007), quality improvement and dynamism of urban centers with the help of generalizable guide lines, master's thesis in urban planning, University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Urban Planning and Architecture. (In Persian).
Shakoui, Hossein (1380), New Perspectives in Urban Geography, Tehran, Samit Publications. (In Persian).
Smithsonian, Tactical Urbanists Are Improving Cities,2242, One Rogue Fix at a Time
Svendsen, H & Svendsen, T. (2004). The creation and destruction of social capital. Denmark: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Temel, R., and Florian, H. (2006). The Temporary in the City.” In Temporary Urban Spaces: Concepts for the Use of City Spaces. Basel: Birkhäuser.
Ward, K. (2006). ‘Policies in motion’, urban management and state restructuring: the trans‐local expansion of business improvement districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(1), 54-75.
Webb, D. (2018). Tactical urbanism: Delineating a critical praxis. Planning theory & practice, 19(1), 58-73
Zare, Alireza; Rezaei, Mohammad Reza and Laqaei, Hassan Ali (2018), Explaining the role of tactical urban planning in improving the quality of urban historical contexts (case example: historical context of Shiraz city), Regional Planning Quarterly, 9 (36), 135-148.